Class 11 Biology Chapter 2: Systematics of Living Organisms – SSC Board

Class 11 Biology – Chapter 2: Systematics of Living Organisms (SSC Board)

Biological science thrives on the study of diversity. Chapter 2 of Class 11 SSC Board Biology, “Systematics of Living Organisms,” expands on the foundational concepts introduced in Chapter 1 by diving deep into the methods of classifying and organizing organisms. It emphasizes the principles of systematics, evolution of classification systems, and the taxonomic hierarchy.

1. What is Systematics?

Systematics is the scientific study of the diversity of organisms and their evolutionary relationships. It goes beyond taxonomy by including aspects of phylogeny, evolution, and comparative biology.

Systematics involves:

• Identification of organisms
• Classification based on similarities and differences
• Naming organisms using scientific rules
• Understanding evolutionary relationships

The term “systematics” was first introduced by Carolus Linnaeus, but its scope has evolved with scientific advancement.

2. Taxonomy vs. Systematics

Feature Taxonomy Systematics

Definition Naming and classifying organisms Study of relationships and evolutionary history

Components Identification, naming, classification Includes taxonomy + phylogeny

Scope Narrower Broader

3. Evolution of Classification Systems

Over the years, classification systems have undergone major changes:

a) Two Kingdom Classification (Linnaeus)

• Kingdom Plantae
• Kingdom Animalia
• ❌ Limitations: Could not classify fungi, bacteria, and protists effectively.

b) Three Kingdom Classification (Haeckel, 1866)

• Kingdom Plantae
• Kingdom Animalia
• Kingdom Protista
• 🌱 Included unicellular organisms but still left gaps.

c) Five Kingdom Classification (Whittaker, 1969)

The most accepted and widely taught system, introduced by R.H. Whittaker.

Kingdom Characteristics

Monera Prokaryotes (bacteria, cyanobacteria)

Protista Unicellular eukaryotes (amoeba, paramecium)

Fungi Heterotrophic, multicellular (mushrooms)

Plantae zutotrophic, multicellular plants

Animalia Heterotrophic, multicellular animals

Advantages:

• Recognized cell structure (prokaryotic/eukaryotic)
• Mode of nutrition (autotroph/heterotroph)
• Body organization and reproduction

4. Three Domain System of Classification

Proposed by Carl Woese (1990) using molecular studies, especially rRNA sequencing.

Domain Includes

Archaea Primitive prokaryotes (extremophiles)

Bacteria True bacteria, cyanobacteria

Eukarya Protists, fungi, plants, animals

Importance:

• Highlights genetic differences between Archaea and Bacteria
• Reflects evolutionary lineage more accurately
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5. Hierarchy of Taxonomic Categories

The classification of organisms follows a hierarchical system from the most general to the most specific.

Order of Taxonomic Ranks:

1. Kingdom
2. Phylum (in animals) / Division (in plants)
3. Class
4. Order
5. Family
6. Genus
7. Species

🔹 Species is the basic unit of classification. Organisms of the same species can interbreed and produce fertile offspring.

6. Criteria for Classification

Organisms are grouped based on:

• Cell type: Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic
• Cell number: Unicellular or Multicellular
• Mode of nutrition: Autotrophic or Heterotrophic
• Reproduction: Asexual or Sexual
• Phylogeny: Evolutionary relationships

Modern classification uses biochemical, genetic, and molecular data along with morphological features.

7. Nomenclature and Scientific Names

To avoid confusion in identifying organisms across languages and regions, biologists use binomial nomenclature:

• Introduced by Carolus Linnaeus
• Each organism has a two-part name:
• Genus (Capitalized)
• Species (Lowercase)
• Written in italics (or underlined when handwritten)

Example: Felis domesticus (domestic cat)

Naming is governed by:

• ICZN (Zoology)
• ICBN (Botany)

8. Importance of Systematics

• Provides universal naming system
• Aids in understanding evolution and relationships
• Helps organize biodiversity
• Crucial for agriculture, medicine, and environmental conservation

9. Taxonomical Aids in Systematics

These are tools that help in the identification and classification of organisms:

a) Herbarium: Collection of pressed and dried plant specimens labeled with scientific data.

b) Botanical Garden: Living collections of plants maintained for study.

c) Museum: Preserved animal specimens, skeletons, fossils.

d) Zoological Parks: Animals kept in semi-natural conditions for observation.

e) Key: A set of statements to help identify organisms based on contrasting characteristics.

10. Challenges in Classification

• Variation among species makes classification complex.
• Convergent evolution: Similar traits in unrelated species can mislead.
• Horizontal gene transfer in microbes challenges the tree-like model.
• Hybridization blurs species boundaries.

11. Modern Approaches in Systematics

New tools are revolutionizing biological classification:

• DNA Barcoding: Using a specific gene segment to identify species
• Molecular Phylogenetics: Constructing trees based on genetic similarities
• Bioinformatics: Use of computational tools to analyze genetic data

These methods provide more accurate evolutionary insights than traditional morphology-based cl